paul@199 | 1 | Concepts
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paul@199 | 2 | ========
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paul@199 | 3 |
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paul@201 | 4 | This document describes the underlying concepts employed in micropython.
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paul@201 | 5 |
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paul@201 | 6 | * Namespaces and attribute definition
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paul@199 | 7 | * Contexts and values
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paul@200 | 8 | * Tables, attributes and lookups
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paul@199 | 9 | * Objects and structures
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paul@200 | 10 | * Parameters and lookups
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paul@200 | 11 | * Instantiation
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paul@222 | 12 | * Register usage
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paul@199 | 13 |
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paul@201 | 14 | Namespaces and Attribute Definition
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paul@201 | 15 | ===================================
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paul@201 | 16 |
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paul@201 | 17 | Namespaces are any objects which can retain attributes.
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paul@201 | 18 |
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paul@201 | 19 | * Module attributes are defined either at the module level or by global
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paul@201 | 20 | statements.
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paul@201 | 21 | * Class attributes are defined only within class statements.
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paul@201 | 22 | * Instance attributes are defined only by assignments to attributes of self
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paul@201 | 23 | within __init__ methods.
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paul@201 | 24 |
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paul@201 | 25 | These restrictions apply because such attributes are thus explicitly declared,
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paul@201 | 26 | permitting the use of tables (described below). Module and class attributes
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paul@201 | 27 | can also be finalised in this way in order to permit certain optimisations.
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paul@201 | 28 |
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paul@201 | 29 | See rejected.txt for complicating mechanisms which could be applied to
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paul@201 | 30 | mitigate the effects of these restrictions on optimisations.
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paul@201 | 31 |
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paul@199 | 32 | Contexts and Values
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paul@199 | 33 | ===================
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paul@199 | 34 |
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paul@199 | 35 | Values are used as the common reference representation in micropython: as
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paul@199 | 36 | stored representations of attributes (of classes, instances, modules, and
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paul@199 | 37 | other objects supporting attribute-like entities) as well as the stored values
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paul@199 | 38 | associated with names in functions and methods.
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paul@199 | 39 |
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paul@199 | 40 | Unlike other implementations, micropython does not create things like bound
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paul@199 | 41 | method objects for individual instances. Instead, all objects are referenced
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paul@199 | 42 | using a context, reference pair:
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paul@199 | 43 |
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paul@199 | 44 | Value Layout
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paul@199 | 45 | ------------
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paul@199 | 46 |
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paul@199 | 47 | 0 1
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paul@199 | 48 | context object
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paul@199 | 49 | reference reference
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paul@199 | 50 |
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paul@199 | 51 | Specific implementations might reverse this ordering for optimisation
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paul@199 | 52 | purposes.
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paul@199 | 53 |
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paul@199 | 54 | Rationale
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paul@199 | 55 | ---------
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paul@199 | 56 |
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paul@199 | 57 | To reduce the number of created objects whilst retaining the ability to
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paul@199 | 58 | support bound method invocations. The context indicates the context in which
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paul@199 | 59 | an invocation is performed, typically the owner of the method.
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paul@199 | 60 |
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paul@199 | 61 | Usage
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paul@199 | 62 | -----
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paul@199 | 63 |
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paul@199 | 64 | The context may be inserted as the first argument when a value is involved in
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paul@199 | 65 | an invocation. This argument may then be omitted from the invocation if its
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paul@199 | 66 | usage is not appropriate.
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paul@199 | 67 |
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paul@199 | 68 | See invocation.txt for details.
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paul@199 | 69 |
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paul@237 | 70 | Context Value Types
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paul@237 | 71 | -------------------
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paul@237 | 72 |
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paul@237 | 73 | The following types of context value exist:
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paul@237 | 74 |
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paul@237 | 75 | Type Usage Transformations
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paul@237 | 76 | ---- ----- ---------------
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paul@237 | 77 |
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paul@237 | 78 | Replaceable With functions (not methods) May be replaced with an
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paul@237 | 79 | instance or a class when a
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paul@237 | 80 | value is stored on an
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paul@237 | 81 | instance or class
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paul@237 | 82 |
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paul@237 | 83 | Placeholder With classes May not be replaced
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paul@237 | 84 |
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paul@237 | 85 | Instance With instances (and constants) May not be replaced
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paul@237 | 86 | or functions as methods
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paul@237 | 87 |
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paul@237 | 88 | Class With functions as methods May be replaced when a
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paul@237 | 89 | value is loaded from a
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paul@237 | 90 | class attribute via an
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paul@237 | 91 | instance
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paul@237 | 92 |
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paul@199 | 93 | Contexts in Acquired Values
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paul@199 | 94 | ---------------------------
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paul@199 | 95 |
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paul@237 | 96 | There are four classes of instructions which provide values:
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paul@199 | 97 |
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paul@199 | 98 | Instruction Purpose Context Operations
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paul@199 | 99 | ----------- ------- ------------------
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paul@199 | 100 |
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paul@237 | 101 | 1) LoadConst Load module, constant Use loaded object with itself
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paul@237 | 102 | as context
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paul@199 | 103 |
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paul@237 | 104 | 2) LoadFunction Load function Combine replaceable context
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paul@237 | 105 | with loaded object
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paul@223 | 106 |
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paul@237 | 107 | 3) LoadClass Load class Combine placeholder context
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paul@237 | 108 | with loaded object
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paul@237 | 109 |
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paul@237 | 110 | 4) LoadAddress* Load attribute from Preserve or override stored
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paul@201 | 111 | LoadAttr* class, module, context (as described in
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paul@201 | 112 | instance assignment.txt)
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paul@199 | 113 |
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paul@199 | 114 | In order to comply with traditional Python behaviour, contexts may or may not
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paul@199 | 115 | represent the object from which an attribute has been acquired.
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paul@199 | 116 |
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paul@199 | 117 | See assignment.txt for details.
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paul@199 | 118 |
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paul@199 | 119 | Contexts in Stored Values
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paul@199 | 120 | -------------------------
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paul@199 | 121 |
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paul@223 | 122 | There are two classes of instruction for storing values:
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paul@199 | 123 |
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paul@223 | 124 | Instruction Purpose Context Operations
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paul@223 | 125 | ----------- ------- ------------------
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paul@199 | 126 |
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paul@223 | 127 | 1) StoreAddress Store attribute in a Preserve context; note that no
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paul@223 | 128 | known object test for class attribute
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paul@223 | 129 | assignment should be necessary
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paul@223 | 130 | since this instruction should only
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paul@223 | 131 | be generated for module globals
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paul@199 | 132 |
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paul@223 | 133 | StoreAttr Store attribute in an Preserve context; note that no
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paul@223 | 134 | instance test for class attribute
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paul@223 | 135 | assignment should be necessary
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paul@223 | 136 | since this instruction should only
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paul@223 | 137 | be generated for self accesses
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paul@199 | 138 |
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paul@223 | 139 | StoreAttrIndex Store attribute in an Preserve context; since the index
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paul@223 | 140 | unknown object lookup could yield a class
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paul@223 | 141 | attribute, a test of the nature of
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paul@223 | 142 | the nature of the structure is
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paul@223 | 143 | necessary in order to prevent
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paul@223 | 144 | assignments to classes
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paul@199 | 145 |
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paul@223 | 146 | 2) StoreAddressContext Store attribute in a Override context if appropriate;
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paul@237 | 147 | known object if the value has a replaceable
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paul@237 | 148 | context, permit the target to
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paul@237 | 149 | take ownership of the value
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paul@199 | 150 |
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paul@199 | 151 | See assignment.txt for details.
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paul@199 | 152 |
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paul@200 | 153 | Tables, Attributes and Lookups
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paul@200 | 154 | ==============================
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paul@199 | 155 |
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paul@199 | 156 | Attribute lookups, where the exact location of an object attribute is deduced,
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paul@199 | 157 | are performed differently in micropython than in other implementations.
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paul@199 | 158 | Instead of providing attribute dictionaries, in which attributes are found,
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paul@199 | 159 | attributes are located at fixed places in object structures (described below)
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paul@199 | 160 | and their locations are stored using a special representation known as a
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paul@199 | 161 | table.
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paul@199 | 162 |
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paul@199 | 163 | For a given program, a table can be considered as being like a matrix mapping
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paul@199 | 164 | classes to attribute names. For example:
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paul@199 | 165 |
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paul@199 | 166 | class A:
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paul@200 | 167 | # instances have attributes x, y
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paul@199 | 168 |
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paul@199 | 169 | class B(A):
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paul@200 | 170 | # introduces attribute z for instances
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paul@199 | 171 |
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paul@199 | 172 | class C:
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paul@200 | 173 | # instances have attributes a, b, z
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paul@199 | 174 |
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paul@200 | 175 | This would provide the following table, referred to as an object table in the
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paul@200 | 176 | context of classes and instances:
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paul@199 | 177 |
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paul@199 | 178 | Class/attr a b x y z
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paul@199 | 179 |
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paul@199 | 180 | A 1 2
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paul@199 | 181 | B 1 2 3
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paul@199 | 182 | C 1 2 3
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paul@199 | 183 |
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paul@199 | 184 | A limitation of this representation is that instance attributes may not shadow
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paul@199 | 185 | class attributes: if an attribute with a given name is not defined on an
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paul@199 | 186 | instance, an attribute with the same name cannot be provided by the class of
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paul@199 | 187 | the instance or any superclass of the instance's class.
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paul@199 | 188 |
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paul@199 | 189 | The table can be compacted using a representation known as a displacement
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paul@200 | 190 | list (referred to as an object list in this context):
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paul@199 | 191 |
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paul@199 | 192 | Classes with attribute offsets
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paul@199 | 193 |
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paul@199 | 194 | classcode A
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paul@199 | 195 | attrcode a b x y z
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paul@199 | 196 |
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paul@199 | 197 | B
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paul@199 | 198 | a b x y z
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paul@199 | 199 |
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paul@199 | 200 | C
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paul@199 | 201 | a b x y z
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paul@199 | 202 |
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paul@199 | 203 | List . . 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 . . 3
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paul@199 | 204 |
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paul@199 | 205 | Here, the classcode refers to the offset in the list at which a class's
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paul@199 | 206 | attributes are defined, whereas the attrcode defines the offset within a
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paul@199 | 207 | region of attributes corresponding to a single attribute of a given name.
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paul@199 | 208 |
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paul@200 | 209 | Attribute Locations
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paul@200 | 210 | -------------------
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paul@200 | 211 |
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paul@200 | 212 | The locations stored in table/list elements are for instance attributes
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paul@200 | 213 | relative to the location of the instance, whereas those for class attributes
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paul@200 | 214 | and modules are absolute addresses (although these could also be changed to
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paul@242 | 215 | object-relative locations). Thus, each occupied table cell has the following
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paul@242 | 216 | structure:
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paul@242 | 217 |
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paul@242 | 218 | attrcode, uses-absolute-address, address (or location)
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paul@200 | 219 |
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paul@199 | 220 | Objects and Structures
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paul@199 | 221 | ======================
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paul@199 | 222 |
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paul@199 | 223 | As well as references, micropython needs to have actual objects to refer to.
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paul@199 | 224 | Since classes, functions and instances are all objects, it is desirable that
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paul@199 | 225 | certain common features and operations are supported in the same way for all
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paul@199 | 226 | of these things. To permit this, a common data structure format is used.
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paul@199 | 227 |
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paul@215 | 228 | Header.................................................... Attributes.................
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paul@200 | 229 |
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paul@215 | 230 | Identifier Identifier Address Identifier Size Object Object ...
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paul@199 | 231 |
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paul@215 | 232 | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
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paul@215 | 233 | classcode attrcode/ invocation funccode size __class__ attribute ...
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paul@215 | 234 | instance reference reference reference
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paul@215 | 235 | status
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paul@199 | 236 |
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paul@206 | 237 | Classcode
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paul@206 | 238 | ---------
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paul@206 | 239 |
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paul@206 | 240 | Used in attribute lookup.
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paul@206 | 241 |
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paul@199 | 242 | Here, the classcode refers to the attribute lookup table for the object (as
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paul@200 | 243 | described above). Classes and instances share the same classcode, and their
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paul@200 | 244 | structures reflect this. Functions all belong to the same type and thus employ
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paul@200 | 245 | the classcode for the function built-in type, whereas modules have distinct
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paul@200 | 246 | types since they must support different sets of attributes.
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paul@199 | 247 |
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paul@206 | 248 | Attrcode
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paul@206 | 249 | --------
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paul@206 | 250 |
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paul@206 | 251 | Used to test instances for membership of classes (or descendants of classes).
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paul@206 | 252 |
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paul@242 | 253 | Since, in traditional Python, classes are only ever instances of some generic
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paul@242 | 254 | built-in type, support for testing such a relationship directly has been
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paul@207 | 255 | removed and the attrcode is not specified for classes: the presence of an
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paul@242 | 256 | attrcode indicates that a given object is an instance. In addition, support
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paul@242 | 257 | has also been removed for testing modules in the same way, meaning that the
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paul@242 | 258 | attrcode is also not specified for modules.
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paul@206 | 259 |
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paul@215 | 260 | See the "Testing Instance Compatibility with Classes (Attrcode)" section below
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paul@215 | 261 | for details of attrcodes.
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paul@214 | 262 |
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paul@213 | 263 | Invocation Reference
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paul@213 | 264 | --------------------
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paul@213 | 265 |
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paul@213 | 266 | Used when an object is called.
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paul@213 | 267 |
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paul@213 | 268 | This is the address of the code to be executed when an invocation is performed
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paul@213 | 269 | on the object.
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paul@213 | 270 |
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paul@215 | 271 | Funccode
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paul@215 | 272 | --------
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paul@213 | 273 |
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paul@215 | 274 | Used to look up argument positions by name.
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paul@213 | 275 |
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paul@215 | 276 | The strategy with keyword arguments in micropython is to attempt to position
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paul@215 | 277 | such arguments in the invocation frame as it is being constructed.
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paul@215 | 278 |
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paul@215 | 279 | See the "Parameters and Lookups" section for more information.
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paul@215 | 280 |
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paul@215 | 281 | Size
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paul@215 | 282 | ----
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paul@215 | 283 |
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paul@219 | 284 | Used to indicate the size of an object including attributes.
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paul@213 | 285 |
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paul@209 | 286 | Attributes
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paul@209 | 287 | ----------
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paul@209 | 288 |
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paul@209 | 289 | For classes, modules and instances, the attributes in the structure correspond
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paul@209 | 290 | to the attributes of each kind of object. For functions, however, the
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paul@209 | 291 | attributes in the structure correspond to the default arguments for each
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paul@209 | 292 | function, if any.
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paul@209 | 293 |
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paul@206 | 294 | Structure Types
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paul@206 | 295 | ---------------
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paul@206 | 296 |
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paul@199 | 297 | Class C:
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paul@199 | 298 |
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paul@215 | 299 | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
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paul@215 | 300 | classcode (unused) __new__ funccode size class type attribute ...
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paul@215 | 301 | for C reference for reference reference
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paul@215 | 302 | instantiator
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paul@199 | 303 |
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paul@199 | 304 | Instance of C:
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paul@199 | 305 |
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paul@215 | 306 | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
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paul@215 | 307 | classcode attrcode C.__call__ funccode size class C attribute ...
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paul@215 | 308 | for C for C reference for reference reference
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paul@215 | 309 | (if exists) C.__call__
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paul@199 | 310 |
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paul@200 | 311 | Function f:
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paul@199 | 312 |
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paul@215 | 313 | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
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paul@215 | 314 | classcode attrcode code funccode size class attribute ...
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paul@215 | 315 | for for reference function (default)
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paul@215 | 316 | function function reference reference
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paul@200 | 317 |
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paul@200 | 318 | Module m:
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paul@200 | 319 |
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paul@215 | 320 | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
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paul@219 | 321 | classcode attrcode (unused) (unused) (unused) module type attribute ...
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paul@215 | 322 | for m for m reference (global)
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paul@215 | 323 | reference
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paul@200 | 324 |
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paul@200 | 325 | The __class__ Attribute
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paul@200 | 326 | -----------------------
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paul@200 | 327 |
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paul@200 | 328 | All objects support the __class__ attribute and this is illustrated above with
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paul@200 | 329 | the first attribute.
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paul@200 | 330 |
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paul@200 | 331 | Class: refers to the type class (type.__class__ also refers to the type class)
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paul@200 | 332 | Function: refers to the function class
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paul@200 | 333 | Instance: refers to the class instantiated to make the object
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paul@200 | 334 |
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paul@203 | 335 | Lists and Tuples
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paul@203 | 336 | ----------------
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paul@203 | 337 |
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paul@203 | 338 | The built-in list and tuple sequences employ variable length structures using
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paul@203 | 339 | the attribute locations to store their elements, where each element is a
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paul@203 | 340 | reference to a separately stored object.
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paul@203 | 341 |
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paul@214 | 342 | Testing Instance Compatibility with Classes (Attrcode)
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paul@200 | 343 | ------------------------------------------------------
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paul@200 | 344 |
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paul@200 | 345 | Although it would be possible to have a data structure mapping classes to
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paul@200 | 346 | compatible classes, such as a matrix indicating the subclasses (or
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paul@200 | 347 | superclasses) of each class, the need to retain the key to such a data
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paul@200 | 348 | structure for each class might introduce a noticeable overhead.
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paul@200 | 349 |
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paul@200 | 350 | Instead of having a separate structure, descendant classes of each class are
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paul@200 | 351 | inserted as special attributes into the object table. This requires an extra
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paul@200 | 352 | key to be retained, since each class must provide its own attribute code such
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paul@200 | 353 | that upon an instance/class compatibility test, the code may be obtained and
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paul@200 | 354 | used in the object table.
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paul@200 | 355 |
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paul@200 | 356 | Invocation and Code References
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paul@200 | 357 | ------------------------------
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paul@200 | 358 |
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paul@200 | 359 | Modules: there is no meaningful invocation reference since modules cannot be
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paul@200 | 360 | explicitly called.
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paul@200 | 361 |
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paul@200 | 362 | Functions: a simple code reference is employed pointing to code implementing
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paul@200 | 363 | the function. Note that the function locals are completely distinct from this
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paul@200 | 364 | structure and are not comparable to attributes. Instead, attributes are
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paul@200 | 365 | reserved for default parameter values, although they do not appear in the
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paul@200 | 366 | object table described above, appearing instead in a separate parameter table
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paul@200 | 367 | described below.
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paul@200 | 368 |
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paul@200 | 369 | Classes: given that classes must be invoked in order to create instances, a
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paul@200 | 370 | reference must be provided in class structures. However, this reference does
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paul@200 | 371 | not point directly at the __init__ method of the class. Instead, the
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paul@200 | 372 | referenced code belongs to a special initialiser function, __new__, consisting
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paul@200 | 373 | of the following instructions:
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paul@200 | 374 |
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paul@200 | 375 | create instance for C
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paul@200 | 376 | call C.__init__(instance, ...)
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paul@200 | 377 | return instance
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paul@200 | 378 |
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paul@200 | 379 | Instances: each instance employs a reference to any __call__ method defined in
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paul@200 | 380 | the class hierarchy for the instance, thus maintaining its callable nature.
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paul@200 | 381 |
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paul@200 | 382 | Both classes and modules may contain code in their definitions - the former in
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paul@200 | 383 | the "body" of the class, potentially defining attributes, and the latter as
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paul@200 | 384 | the "top-level" code in the module, potentially defining attributes/globals -
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paul@200 | 385 | but this code is not associated with any invocation target. It is thus
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paul@200 | 386 | generated in order of appearance and is not referenced externally.
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paul@200 | 387 |
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paul@200 | 388 | Invocation Operation
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paul@200 | 389 | --------------------
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paul@200 | 390 |
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paul@200 | 391 | Consequently, regardless of the object an invocation is always done as
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paul@200 | 392 | follows:
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paul@200 | 393 |
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paul@200 | 394 | get invocation reference from the header
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paul@200 | 395 | jump to reference
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paul@200 | 396 |
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paul@200 | 397 | Additional preparation is necessary before the above code: positional
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paul@200 | 398 | arguments must be saved in the invocation frame, and keyword arguments must be
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paul@200 | 399 | resolved and saved to the appropriate position in the invocation frame.
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paul@200 | 400 |
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paul@200 | 401 | See invocation.txt for details.
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paul@200 | 402 |
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paul@200 | 403 | Parameters and Lookups
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paul@200 | 404 | ======================
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paul@200 | 405 |
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paul@200 | 406 | Since Python supports keyword arguments when making invocations, it becomes
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paul@200 | 407 | necessary to record the parameter names associated with each function or
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paul@200 | 408 | method. Just as object tables record attributes positions on classes and
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paul@200 | 409 | instances, parameter tables record parameter positions in function or method
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paul@200 | 410 | parameter lists.
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paul@200 | 411 |
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paul@200 | 412 | For a given program, a parameter table can be considered as being like a
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paul@200 | 413 | matrix mapping functions/methods to parameter names. For example:
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paul@200 | 414 |
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paul@200 | 415 | def f(x, y, z):
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paul@200 | 416 | pass
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paul@200 | 417 |
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paul@200 | 418 | def g(a, b, c):
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paul@200 | 419 | pass
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paul@200 | 420 |
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paul@200 | 421 | def h(a, x):
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paul@200 | 422 | pass
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paul@200 | 423 |
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paul@200 | 424 | This would provide the following table, referred to as a parameter table in
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paul@200 | 425 | the context of functions and methods:
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paul@200 | 426 |
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paul@200 | 427 | Function/param a b c x y z
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paul@200 | 428 |
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paul@200 | 429 | f 1 2 3
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paul@200 | 430 | g 1 2 3
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paul@200 | 431 | h 1 2
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paul@200 | 432 |
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paul@233 | 433 | Confusion can occur when functions are adopted as methods, since the context
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paul@233 | 434 | then occupies the first slot in the invocation frame:
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paul@233 | 435 |
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paul@233 | 436 | def f(x, y, z):
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paul@233 | 437 | pass
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paul@233 | 438 |
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paul@233 | 439 | f(x=1, y=2, z=3) -> f(<context>, 1, 2, 3)
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paul@233 | 440 | -> f(1, 2, 3)
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paul@233 | 441 |
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paul@233 | 442 | class C:
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paul@233 | 443 | f = f
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paul@233 | 444 |
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paul@233 | 445 | def g(x, y, z):
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paul@233 | 446 | pass
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paul@233 | 447 |
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paul@233 | 448 | c = C()
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paul@233 | 449 |
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paul@233 | 450 | c.f(y=2, z=3) -> f(<context>, 2, 3)
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paul@233 | 451 | c.g(y=2, z=3) -> C.g(<context>, 2, 3)
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paul@233 | 452 |
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paul@200 | 453 | Just as with parameter tables, a displacement list can be prepared from a
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paul@200 | 454 | parameter table:
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paul@200 | 455 |
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paul@200 | 456 | Functions with parameter (attribute) offsets
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paul@200 | 457 |
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paul@200 | 458 | funccode f
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paul@200 | 459 | attrcode a b c x y z
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paul@200 | 460 |
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paul@200 | 461 | g
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paul@200 | 462 | a b c x y z
|
paul@200 | 463 |
|
paul@200 | 464 | h
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paul@200 | 465 | a b c x y z
|
paul@200 | 466 |
|
paul@200 | 467 | List . . . 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 . . 2 . .
|
paul@200 | 468 |
|
paul@200 | 469 | Here, the funccode refers to the offset in the list at which a function's
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paul@200 | 470 | parameters are defined, whereas the attrcode defines the offset within a
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paul@200 | 471 | region of attributes corresponding to a single parameter of a given name.
|
paul@200 | 472 |
|
paul@200 | 473 | Instantiation
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paul@200 | 474 | =============
|
paul@200 | 475 |
|
paul@200 | 476 | When instantiating classes, memory must be reserved for the header of the
|
paul@200 | 477 | resulting instance, along with locations for the attributes of the instance.
|
paul@200 | 478 | Since the instance header contains data common to all instances of a class, a
|
paul@200 | 479 | template header is copied to the start of the newly reserved memory region.
|
paul@222 | 480 |
|
paul@222 | 481 | Register Usage
|
paul@222 | 482 | ==============
|
paul@222 | 483 |
|
paul@222 | 484 | During code generation, much of the evaluation produces results which are
|
paul@222 | 485 | implicitly recorded in the "active value" register, and various instructions
|
paul@222 | 486 | will consume the active value. In addition, some instructions will consume a
|
paul@222 | 487 | separate "active source value" from a register, typically those which are
|
paul@222 | 488 | assigning the result of an expression to an assignment target.
|
paul@222 | 489 |
|
paul@222 | 490 | Since values often need to be retained for later use, a set of temporary
|
paul@222 | 491 | storage locations are typically employed. However, optimisations may reduce
|
paul@222 | 492 | the need to use such temporary storage where instructions which provide the
|
paul@222 | 493 | "active value" can be re-executed and will produce the same result.
|