paul@6 | 1 | Introduction
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paul@6 | 2 | ------------
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paul@6 | 3 |
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paul@6 | 4 | The userinstall distribution consists of a number of scripts, together with a
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paul@6 | 5 | short configuration file, which allows non-root users to set up and use their
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paul@12 | 6 | own package and dependency management facilities and to download and install
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paul@12 | 7 | Debian packages without having to obtain root privileges. The software within
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paul@12 | 8 | installed packages may then be used, subject to certain constraints such as
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paul@12 | 9 | program environments, library paths, and so on. In effect, userinstall
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paul@12 | 10 | provides a personal package manager.
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paul@6 | 11 |
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paul@43 | 12 | In addition, userinstall also provides tools to manage conventional chroot
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paul@43 | 13 | filesystem areas and User Mode Linux system images. Such capabilities are
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paul@43 | 14 | useful when needing to run distributions that are sufficiently different from
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paul@43 | 15 | the host system's distribution that the non-root approach no longer works,
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paul@43 | 16 | due to system library or kernel incompatibilities.
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paul@43 | 17 |
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paul@46 | 18 | The following table summarises the capabilities and limitations of the
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paul@46 | 19 | different modes of the software:
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paul@46 | 20 |
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paul@46 | 21 | Programs Unprivileged usage Same distribution Other versions
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paul@46 | 22 | -------- ------------------ ----------------- --------------
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paul@46 | 23 |
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paul@46 | 24 | user-* Yes Yes Probably not
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paul@46 | 25 | (sensitive to core
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paul@46 | 26 | library versions)
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paul@46 | 27 |
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paul@46 | 28 | user-* No Yes Yes (subject to
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paul@46 | 29 | (with --root option) kernel suitability)
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paul@46 | 30 |
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paul@46 | 31 | uml-* Yes (although Yes Yes
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paul@46 | 32 | networking must be
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paul@46 | 33 | set up by root)
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paul@46 | 34 |
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paul@6 | 35 | Contact, Copyright and Licence Information
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paul@6 | 36 | ------------------------------------------
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paul@6 | 37 |
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paul@6 | 38 | The current Web page for userinstall at the time of release is:
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paul@6 | 39 |
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paul@6 | 40 | http://www.boddie.org.uk/paul/userinstall.html
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paul@6 | 41 |
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paul@6 | 42 | Copyright and licence information can be found in the docs directory - see
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paul@6 | 43 | docs/COPYING.txt and docs/gpl-3.0.txt for more information.
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paul@6 | 44 |
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paul@17 | 45 | Thanks to Piotr Roszatycki, the maintainer of fakechroot, for helpfully fixing
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paul@25 | 46 | system call coverage in that utility in order to attempt to support
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paul@25 | 47 | cross-distribution bootstrapping.
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paul@17 | 48 |
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paul@6 | 49 | Dependencies
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paul@6 | 50 | ------------
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paul@6 | 51 |
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paul@6 | 52 | fakeroot Tested with 1.5.10ubuntu2
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paul@17 | 53 | fakechroot 2.8 or later required
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paul@15 | 54 | debootstrap Tested with 0.3.3.2ubuntu3 on Ubuntu Hoary 5.04, 1.0.7~feisty1
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paul@21 | 55 | on Ubuntu Feisty 7.04, 1.0.20~hardy1 on Ubuntu Hardy
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paul@6 | 56 |
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paul@48 | 57 | New in userinstall 0.2.1 (Changes since userinstall 0.2)
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paul@48 | 58 | --------------------------------------------------------
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paul@48 | 59 |
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paul@49 | 60 | * Added more User Mode Linux and configuration-related documentation.
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paul@48 | 61 |
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paul@22 | 62 | New in userinstall 0.2 (Changes since userinstall 0.1)
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paul@22 | 63 | ------------------------------------------------------
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paul@14 | 64 |
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paul@21 | 65 | * Adopted lsb-release environment variables instead of new ones like
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paul@22 | 66 | DISTNAME, exposing derivatives of these variables by default.
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paul@21 | 67 | * Added explicit keyring package installation.
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paul@25 | 68 | * Added -do scripts for configuring and entering the chroot.
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paul@25 | 69 | * Removed specific apt- and dpkg-related scripts, replacing them with the
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paul@25 | 70 | general -do scripts.
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paul@25 | 71 | * Added --root options to certain scripts in order to support normal chroot
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paul@30 | 72 | installations. Added --dev option for bind mounting of /dev in normal
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paul@30 | 73 | chroot installations.
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paul@27 | 74 | * Added support for UML instance construction from distribution
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paul@43 | 75 | installations, along with networking support and a uml-net script. Also
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paul@43 | 76 | added some support for booting from initrd files and installation media
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paul@43 | 77 | image files.
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paul@14 | 78 |
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paul@6 | 79 | Configuration
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paul@6 | 80 | -------------
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paul@6 | 81 |
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paul@12 | 82 | If the system defaults are not to be used, or if userinstall is not installed
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paul@6 | 83 | as a system package, the userinstall-defaults file supplied with the
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paul@12 | 84 | distribution may be edited to specify the nature and location of the personal
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paul@22 | 85 | package manager.
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paul@21 | 86 |
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paul@22 | 87 | The following settings can be edited:
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paul@21 | 88 |
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paul@22 | 89 | USERINSTALL_ID This should reflect the distribution being used or, in
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paul@22 | 90 | special cases, a different distribution. Examples
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paul@22 | 91 | include Debian and Ubuntu.
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paul@6 | 92 |
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paul@22 | 93 | USERINSTALL_CODENAME This should reflect the version of the distribution
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paul@22 | 94 | being used and need only be altered in special
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paul@22 | 95 | situations (such as the creation of a sandbox for
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paul@22 | 96 | testing other distributions).
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paul@15 | 97 |
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paul@22 | 98 | Examples of codenames include hardy and jaunty for
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paul@22 | 99 | Ubuntu and lenny and squeeze for Debian. Note that the
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paul@22 | 100 | setup process may not work with different distributions
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paul@22 | 101 | due to library incompatibilities.
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paul@22 | 102 |
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paul@22 | 103 | PACKAGEROOT The location of the personal package manager in the
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paul@22 | 104 | filesystem.
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paul@22 | 105 |
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paul@22 | 106 | See the /etc/lsb-release file for example values describing your own system,
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paul@22 | 107 | with the DISTRIB prefix used instead of the USERINSTALL prefix for each of the
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paul@22 | 108 | settings.
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paul@6 | 109 |
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paul@6 | 110 | If a completely new userinstall-defaults file is created, it is essential that
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paul@6 | 111 | the above variables be defined so that the scripts know where to create or to
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paul@48 | 112 | find the personal package manager. Typically, a new userinstall-defaults file
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paul@48 | 113 | will reside in the current directory when the different userinstall commands
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paul@48 | 114 | are being issued.
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paul@6 | 115 |
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paul@12 | 116 | Creating a Personal Package Manager
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paul@12 | 117 | -----------------------------------
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paul@6 | 118 |
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paul@6 | 119 | In order to install packages as a non-root user, first invoke the user-setup
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paul@6 | 120 | script; this will create and initialise a basic Debian system with a basic set
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paul@6 | 121 | of packages installed. For example, with userinstall installed as a system
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paul@12 | 122 | package, using the system defaults:
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paul@6 | 123 |
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paul@6 | 124 | user-setup
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paul@6 | 125 |
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paul@12 | 126 | It is possible to override the "template" for the system by specifying a
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paul@6 | 127 | "mirror" location. This is useful if you have the CD or DVD image for the
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paul@12 | 128 | distribution already mounted in the filesystem. For example:
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paul@6 | 129 |
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paul@6 | 130 | user-setup file:///cdrom
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paul@20 | 131 |
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paul@20 | 132 | sudo mount -o loop /home/me/downloads/kubuntu-7.04-alternate-i386.iso /tmp/cdrom
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paul@20 | 133 | user-setup file:///tmp/cdrom
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paul@6 | 134 |
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paul@34 | 135 | A URL must be specified as the "mirror" location, not a normal filename.
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paul@6 | 136 |
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paul@22 | 137 | Once the installation is complete, some post-installation is necessary:
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paul@22 | 138 |
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paul@22 | 139 | user-postsetup
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paul@22 | 140 |
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paul@22 | 141 | If a different distribution is being used for the package manager than that
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paul@22 | 142 | being run on the system, it might be necessary to specify a country code so
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paul@22 | 143 | that the configuration of package repositories can be performed successfully.
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paul@22 | 144 | For example, for repositories mirrored in the United Kingdom (UK):
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paul@22 | 145 |
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paul@22 | 146 | user-postsetup uk
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paul@22 | 147 |
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paul@22 | 148 | At this point, the package manager should be ready to use.
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paul@22 | 149 |
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paul@12 | 150 | Adding Package Repositories to the Package Manager
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paul@12 | 151 | --------------------------------------------------
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paul@12 | 152 |
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paul@12 | 153 | To get access to repositories of packages beyond those provided by the basic
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paul@12 | 154 | distribution, edit the /etc/apt/sources.list file inside the system. The
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paul@6 | 155 | user-path script can help you find the exact location of the file:
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paul@6 | 156 |
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paul@7 | 157 | user-path /etc/apt/sources.list
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paul@6 | 158 |
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paul@6 | 159 | And you can edit the file directly with a text editor (such as vi) as follows:
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paul@6 | 160 |
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paul@7 | 161 | vi `user-path /etc/apt/sources.list`
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paul@6 | 162 |
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paul@6 | 163 | Installing Packages
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paul@6 | 164 | -------------------
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paul@6 | 165 |
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paul@25 | 166 | To install packages from other repositories, invoke the user-do script and
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paul@25 | 167 | specify the apt-get program together with options expected by that program.
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paul@25 | 168 | For example:
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paul@15 | 169 |
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paul@25 | 170 | user-do apt-get --help
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paul@25 | 171 | user-do apt-get update
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paul@15 | 172 |
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paul@25 | 173 | Packages can then be installed. For example:
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paul@15 | 174 |
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paul@25 | 175 | user-do apt-get install python-cmdsyntax
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paul@6 | 176 |
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paul@6 | 177 | Provided that the specified packages are known and their dependencies can be
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paul@12 | 178 | met, they will be installed into the system.
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paul@6 | 179 |
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paul@6 | 180 | Installing Single Packages
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paul@6 | 181 | --------------------------
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paul@6 | 182 |
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paul@25 | 183 | To install individual package files, first copy them into the package manager
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paul@25 | 184 | directory hierarchy. For example:
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paul@6 | 185 |
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paul@25 | 186 | cp python-cmdsyntax_0.91-0ubuntu2_all.deb `user-path /tmp`
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paul@6 | 187 |
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paul@25 | 188 | The invoke the dpkg program through the user-do script as follows:
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paul@25 | 189 |
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paul@25 | 190 | user-do dpkg -i /tmp/python-cmdsyntax_0.91-0ubuntu2_all.deb
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paul@7 | 191 |
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paul@7 | 192 | Using Packages
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paul@7 | 193 | --------------
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paul@7 | 194 |
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paul@7 | 195 | Unlike most packages installed in the usual way by the root user, the installed
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paul@7 | 196 | packages will not reside within a directory hierarchy rooted at / - the top of
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paul@7 | 197 | the filesystem. Instead, they will reside in a location such as the following:
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paul@7 | 198 |
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paul@7 | 199 | /home/me/.userinstall
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paul@7 | 200 | /tmp/packages
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paul@7 | 201 |
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paul@7 | 202 | (The precise location may be found by running the user-path script.)
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paul@7 | 203 |
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paul@7 | 204 | Consequently, to make use of the installed software, it may be necessary to
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paul@7 | 205 | edit your environment in a number of ways so that it may be located and
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paul@7 | 206 | correctly loaded, initialised and executed.
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paul@7 | 207 |
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paul@7 | 208 | Using Python Packages
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paul@7 | 209 | ---------------------
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paul@7 | 210 |
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paul@7 | 211 | Installed Python packages may be made available to Python by defining the
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paul@7 | 212 | PYTHONPATH to include the directories usually searched by Python, but which
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paul@12 | 213 | are actually located within the personal package management environment. For
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paul@12 | 214 | example, with the Python 2.5 site-packages directory:
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paul@7 | 215 |
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paul@11 | 216 | PYTHONPATH=`user-path /usr/lib/python2.5/site-packages/` python2.5
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paul@11 | 217 |
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paul@11 | 218 | More complicated extension modules may require further adjustments to the
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paul@11 | 219 | LD_LIBRARY_PATH and PYTHONPATH variables:
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paul@11 | 220 |
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paul@25 | 221 | export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=`user-path /usr/lib`
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paul@25 | 222 | export PYTHONPATH=`user-path /usr/lib/python2.5/site-packages/`
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paul@25 | 223 | export PYTHONPATH=${PYTHONPATH}:`user-path /var/lib/python-support/python2.5`
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paul@22 | 224 |
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paul@22 | 225 | Entering the Package Manager
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paul@22 | 226 | ----------------------------
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paul@22 | 227 |
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paul@22 | 228 | It is also possible to administer the package manager from within the
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paul@22 | 229 | installation:
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paul@22 | 230 |
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paul@25 | 231 | user-do
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paul@22 | 232 |
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paul@22 | 233 | This should provide a "root" prompt which can then be used to issue commands
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paul@22 | 234 | within the package manager environment. For example:
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paul@22 | 235 |
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paul@39 | 236 | apt-get update && apt-get upgrade
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paul@22 | 237 |
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paul@29 | 238 | Creating and Entering a Package Manager in Root Mode
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paul@29 | 239 | ----------------------------------------------------
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paul@29 | 240 |
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paul@29 | 241 | The user-setup, user-postsetup and user-do scripts also support a --root
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paul@29 | 242 | option which sets up a package manager for a user with root privileges. To
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paul@31 | 243 | set up such an installation, the following commands can be used:
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paul@29 | 244 |
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paul@34 | 245 | user-setup --root
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paul@34 | 246 | user-postsetup --root
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paul@29 | 247 |
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paul@29 | 248 | Entering the installation is done using the user-do script:
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paul@29 | 249 |
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paul@34 | 250 | user-do --root
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paul@29 | 251 |
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paul@29 | 252 | Note that in root mode, the /proc and /sys filesystems are mounted within the
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paul@29 | 253 | installation. Care must be taken not to delete the contents of these
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paul@29 | 254 | directories within the installation while the above command is running;
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paul@29 | 255 | otherwise, this can potentially damage the main operating system installation
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paul@29 | 256 | on your computer.
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paul@29 | 257 |
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paul@30 | 258 | Using the Host's Device Filesystem
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paul@30 | 259 | ----------------------------------
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paul@30 | 260 |
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paul@30 | 261 | In root mode, the /dev filesystem on the host can be mounted by using the
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paul@30 | 262 | --dev option with user-do:
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paul@30 | 263 |
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paul@34 | 264 | user-do --root --dev
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paul@30 | 265 |
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paul@30 | 266 | Note that care must be taken not to delete the contents of this directory
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paul@30 | 267 | within the installation while the above command is running.
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paul@30 | 268 |
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paul@30 | 269 | Enabling Audio in Root Mode
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paul@30 | 270 | ---------------------------
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paul@30 | 271 |
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paul@30 | 272 | Together with the --root and --dev options, audio can be enabled for
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paul@30 | 273 | applications within an installation by adding users to the audio group in
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paul@30 | 274 | /etc/group. In addition, it may be necessary to run an audio manager daemon
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paul@30 | 275 | depending on the system used to manage the audio on the host.
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paul@30 | 276 |
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paul@30 | 277 | For example, the artsd package may need installing in order to make the
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paul@30 | 278 | corresponding artsdsp program available to applications within the package
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paul@30 | 279 | manager.
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paul@30 | 280 |
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paul@48 | 281 | Configuration of User Mode Linux Instances
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paul@48 | 282 | ------------------------------------------
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paul@22 | 283 |
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paul@22 | 284 | For some applications, it can be desirable to provide a completely isolated
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paul@22 | 285 | environment for package installation and testing. This can be performed using
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paul@22 | 286 | the User Mode Linux (UML) software.
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paul@22 | 287 |
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paul@48 | 288 | Alongside the userinstall-defaults file, a userinstall-defaults-uml file must
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paul@48 | 289 | be made available. As with the generic userinstall-defaults file, the
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paul@48 | 290 | UML-specific configuration in userinstall-defaults-uml must be edited to
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paul@48 | 291 | reflect the desired settings such that appropriate network addresses are used
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paul@48 | 292 | along with a suitable Linux kernel.
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paul@48 | 293 |
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paul@48 | 294 | Constructing UML Instances
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paul@48 | 295 | --------------------------
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paul@48 | 296 |
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paul@31 | 297 | Since UML needs to see its filesystems as images, not directories within an
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paul@31 | 298 | existing filesystem, the uml-make-image script needs to create these image
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paul@39 | 299 | files. For example, to create a root filesystem 4GB in size, along with a swap
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paul@31 | 300 | file 512MB in size:
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paul@22 | 301 |
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paul@31 | 302 | uml-make-image 4 512
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paul@22 | 303 |
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paul@31 | 304 | This will create a UML instance from an existing package manager installation.
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paul@22 | 305 |
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paul@31 | 306 | Building User Mode Linux
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paul@31 | 307 | ------------------------
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paul@22 | 308 |
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paul@31 | 309 | To make a User Mode Linux executable, run the uml-build-linux script.
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paul@22 | 310 |
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paul@27 | 311 | Enabling Networking for UML Instances
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paul@27 | 312 | -------------------------------------
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paul@27 | 313 |
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paul@27 | 314 | To enable networking for a UML instance, use the uml-net script:
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paul@27 | 315 |
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paul@27 | 316 | sudo uml-net --start $USER
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paul@27 | 317 |
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paul@27 | 318 | Here, $USER should be expanded to the name of the user running the above
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paul@27 | 319 | command, not the root user.
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paul@27 | 320 |
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paul@27 | 321 | To stop networking, use the same script:
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paul@27 | 322 |
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paul@27 | 323 | sudo uml-net --stop
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paul@27 | 324 |
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paul@22 | 325 | Entering or Starting UML Instances
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paul@22 | 326 | ----------------------------------
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paul@22 | 327 |
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paul@29 | 328 | To enter a UML instance, use the uml-do script, specifying an amount of memory
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paul@29 | 329 | to allocate to the instance:
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paul@22 | 330 |
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paul@29 | 331 | uml-do 512M
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paul@34 | 332 |
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paul@34 | 333 | Specifying the --net option allows networking to be used by the instance, if
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paul@34 | 334 | set up as described above:
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paul@34 | 335 |
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paul@34 | 336 | uml-do 512M --net
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paul@35 | 337 |
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paul@49 | 338 | Accessing UML Consoles
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paul@49 | 339 | ----------------------
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paul@49 | 340 |
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paul@49 | 341 | During the boot process, User Mode Linux should report a number of lines of
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paul@49 | 342 | the following form:
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paul@49 | 343 |
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paul@49 | 344 | Virtual console 1 assigned device '/dev/pts/3'
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paul@49 | 345 |
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paul@49 | 346 | This indicates that to access console 1, the given device should be accessed.
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paul@49 | 347 | This can be done using the screen command as follows:
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paul@49 | 348 |
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paul@49 | 349 | screen /dev/pts/3
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paul@49 | 350 |
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paul@49 | 351 | You may need to press Return/Enter to "wake up" the console in order to see a
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paul@49 | 352 | login prompt.
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paul@49 | 353 |
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paul@43 | 354 | Booting into UML from Installation Media
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paul@43 | 355 | ----------------------------------------
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paul@43 | 356 |
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paul@43 | 357 | Instead of populating a filesystem image for User Mode Linux from an existing
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paul@43 | 358 | distribution installation, blank images can be created as follows:
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paul@43 | 359 |
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paul@43 | 360 | uml-make-image --do-not-populate 4 512
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paul@43 | 361 |
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paul@43 | 362 | Then, an initrd file can be used together with installation media - typically
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paul@43 | 363 | an ISO file that would usually be burned onto a CD or DVD - such that a UML
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paul@43 | 364 | instance can be booted and a distribution then installed into the blank images
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paul@43 | 365 | from the installation media.
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paul@43 | 366 |
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paul@43 | 367 | The initrd file is typically extracted from an ISO file (for example,
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paul@43 | 368 | installer.iso) as follows (with superuser privileges):
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paul@43 | 369 |
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paul@43 | 370 | mkdir installer
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paul@43 | 371 | mount -o loop installer.iso installer
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paul@43 | 372 | cp installer/initrd.gz .
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paul@43 | 373 | umount installer
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paul@43 | 374 |
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paul@43 | 375 | This assumes that initrd.gz is found at the top level of the installation
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paul@43 | 376 | media's filesystem.
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paul@43 | 377 |
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paul@43 | 378 | The UML instance is then booted as follows:
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paul@43 | 379 |
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paul@43 | 380 | uml-do 512M --net --initrd initrd.gz installer.iso
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paul@43 | 381 |
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paul@43 | 382 | The blank images will appear as /dev/ubda and /dev/ubdb devices in the
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paul@43 | 383 | instance, not merely as partitions, and so installers may ask you if you would
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paul@43 | 384 | like to partition these devices still further.
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paul@43 | 385 |
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paul@48 | 386 | Once an installation has been performed using installation media, it should be
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paul@48 | 387 | possible to omit the --initrd options when
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paul@48 | 388 |
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paul@48 | 389 | Using Graphical Desktop Environments with UML
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paul@48 | 390 | ---------------------------------------------
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paul@48 | 391 |
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paul@48 | 392 | It is possible to start a graphical desktop environment from within a User
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paul@48 | 393 | Mode Linux instance and display the desktop on the host's display. In the host
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paul@48 | 394 | environment, access to the display must be granted using a program such as
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paul@48 | 395 | xhost. For example, for a UML instance whose network address is 192.168.0.98:
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paul@48 | 396 |
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paul@48 | 397 | xhost +192.168.0.98
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paul@48 | 398 |
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paul@48 | 399 | In the UML instance, the Xephyr program can be run to provide a display for
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paul@48 | 400 | the graphical environment. For example, for a host that appears as
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paul@48 | 401 | 192.168.0.254 to the UML instance:
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paul@48 | 402 |
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paul@48 | 403 | DISPLAY=192.168.0.254:0.0 Xephyr :1 -screen 1024x768 &
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paul@48 | 404 |
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paul@48 | 405 | It should then be possible to start a desktop environment with the
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paul@48 | 406 | Xephyr-based display specified as the appropriate display to use:
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paul@48 | 407 |
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paul@48 | 408 | DISPLAY=:1 gnome-session &
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paul@48 | 409 |
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paul@48 | 410 | Here, Xephyr has been started as screen :1.
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paul@48 | 411 |
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paul@35 | 412 | Issues with Shared Memory
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paul@35 | 413 | -------------------------
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paul@35 | 414 |
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paul@35 | 415 | It is possible for User Mode Linux to just crash having exhausted the host
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paul@35 | 416 | system's shared memory. This can be worked around by remounting tmpfs with
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paul@35 | 417 | more space. For example:
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paul@35 | 418 |
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paul@35 | 419 | sudo mount -t tmpfs tmpfs /dev/shm -o remount,size=805306368
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paul@35 | 420 |
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paul@35 | 421 | This allocates 768MB (the figure is given in bytes) to tmpfs.
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paul@35 | 422 |
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paul@35 | 423 | One bug related to User Mode Linux and Debian exists:
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paul@35 | 424 |
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paul@35 | 425 | http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=388128
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paul@35 | 426 |
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paul@35 | 427 | And this Debian installer bug may be related to experiences with pbuilder and
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paul@35 | 428 | other package installation activities:
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paul@35 | 429 |
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paul@35 | 430 | http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=239758
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